CynthiaATL
Member
When I was at the conference I sat in on a session about parvo. There is a new variant CPV-2c. It is not a new "strain" but a variant of CPV. There is no vaccine out there for CPV-2c currently, however there is cross protection from regular CPV vaccines.
CANINE PARVOVIRUS: AN EMERGING,RE-EMERGING, SIGNIFICANT PATHOGEN OFDOGS
Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab
Center for Veterinary Health Sciences
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the number one cause of death in puppies. It is a single-stranded DNA virus with 5000 bases. It has hair pins at the termini. The middle portion of the genome is highly mutable. The termini are relatively stable. CPV is non enveloped and is quite stable in the kennel environment. CPV multiplies in the rapidly dividing cells of intestinal crypts leading to diarrhea and dehydration. From February 2006 to July 2008, a total of 147 CPV samples have been genotyped at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab (OADDL), of which 13 were CPV-2, 83 were CPV-2b, 67 were CPV- 2c, and one was mixed CPV-2b and CPV-2c. There are other reports of mixed CPV-2 infections Based on this survey, CPV-2c has been detected in 15 states (AL, AR, AZ, CA, DE, FL, GA, KS, MO, NH, NJ, OK, OR, SC, TX). CPV-2c has also been detected in many of the countries of the European Union, South America, North America, and Asia. Australia is free of CPV-2c. There are no recent reports of CPV-2 testing from Africa.
We have not evaluated the in-office tests but based on the histories provided by veterinarians several cases of CPV-2 were not detected by the field tests. There are several reasons for failure of field CPV-2 tests. Clinical signs of CPV-2c are similar to other CPV-2 viruses. However, many cases have yellow mucous diarrhea. Hemorrhagic enteritis is also commonly observed in cases of CPV-2c. All cases that are clinically suggestive of CPV-2 infection should be tested in the laboratory because some samples do not test positive in the in-office tests. Age distribution among the 147 cases genotyped at OADDL was follows. There were 12 dogs over 12 months or above age group. Out of these 7 were typed as CPV-2c, 4 were CPV-2b, and one was CPV-2. There are other reports of CPV-2c in adult dogs from Italy. Various breeds of dogs were affected by CPV-2c. There are several commercially available modified live virus vaccines in the US. These vaccines contain one of the genotypes: CPV-2, CPV-2a, or CPV-2b isolates of the parvovirus. These high titer vaccines have been recommended as core vaccines for dogs for the prevention of CPV enteritis. The most common recommended vaccination protocol includes the puppy shots at 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age. A booster is given at 1 year of age. There are some vaccines that can be given every 3 years and most are given annually. One of the vaccines is a recombinant canary pox vectored vaccine. All vaccines use the same virus repeatedly to booster the immunity. This practice of vaccination needs to be compared with vaccination strategy using shots containing different CPV-2 genotypes at the time of booster as proposed by us recently. There are various reasons the vaccination can fail. The most common reason is presence of high titers of maternal antibodies that will neutralize the incoming virus. However, there is very little possibility that modified live virus vaccines can cause the disease. Most of the infections in the field are due to wild type CPV viruses. Cross-species transmission of canine and feline parvoviruses is an important consideration for clinicians. There is no published report of detection of feline panleukopenia in dogs; however, in one of our recent cases of CPV vaccine failure, we detected FPLV in a dog sample. There are previous reports of detection of CPV-2 in cats. Moreover, the role of other free-living carnivores in the epidemiology of CPV-2 needs further investigation. Clinical signs of CPV-2 infection can be similar to other causes of puppy diarrhea. These include canine coronavirus, Clostridium toxin and other enteric pathogens.
CANINE PARVOVIRUS: AN EMERGING,RE-EMERGING, SIGNIFICANT PATHOGEN OFDOGS
Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab
Center for Veterinary Health Sciences
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the number one cause of death in puppies. It is a single-stranded DNA virus with 5000 bases. It has hair pins at the termini. The middle portion of the genome is highly mutable. The termini are relatively stable. CPV is non enveloped and is quite stable in the kennel environment. CPV multiplies in the rapidly dividing cells of intestinal crypts leading to diarrhea and dehydration. From February 2006 to July 2008, a total of 147 CPV samples have been genotyped at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab (OADDL), of which 13 were CPV-2, 83 were CPV-2b, 67 were CPV- 2c, and one was mixed CPV-2b and CPV-2c. There are other reports of mixed CPV-2 infections Based on this survey, CPV-2c has been detected in 15 states (AL, AR, AZ, CA, DE, FL, GA, KS, MO, NH, NJ, OK, OR, SC, TX). CPV-2c has also been detected in many of the countries of the European Union, South America, North America, and Asia. Australia is free of CPV-2c. There are no recent reports of CPV-2 testing from Africa.
We have not evaluated the in-office tests but based on the histories provided by veterinarians several cases of CPV-2 were not detected by the field tests. There are several reasons for failure of field CPV-2 tests. Clinical signs of CPV-2c are similar to other CPV-2 viruses. However, many cases have yellow mucous diarrhea. Hemorrhagic enteritis is also commonly observed in cases of CPV-2c. All cases that are clinically suggestive of CPV-2 infection should be tested in the laboratory because some samples do not test positive in the in-office tests. Age distribution among the 147 cases genotyped at OADDL was follows. There were 12 dogs over 12 months or above age group. Out of these 7 were typed as CPV-2c, 4 were CPV-2b, and one was CPV-2. There are other reports of CPV-2c in adult dogs from Italy. Various breeds of dogs were affected by CPV-2c. There are several commercially available modified live virus vaccines in the US. These vaccines contain one of the genotypes: CPV-2, CPV-2a, or CPV-2b isolates of the parvovirus. These high titer vaccines have been recommended as core vaccines for dogs for the prevention of CPV enteritis. The most common recommended vaccination protocol includes the puppy shots at 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age. A booster is given at 1 year of age. There are some vaccines that can be given every 3 years and most are given annually. One of the vaccines is a recombinant canary pox vectored vaccine. All vaccines use the same virus repeatedly to booster the immunity. This practice of vaccination needs to be compared with vaccination strategy using shots containing different CPV-2 genotypes at the time of booster as proposed by us recently. There are various reasons the vaccination can fail. The most common reason is presence of high titers of maternal antibodies that will neutralize the incoming virus. However, there is very little possibility that modified live virus vaccines can cause the disease. Most of the infections in the field are due to wild type CPV viruses. Cross-species transmission of canine and feline parvoviruses is an important consideration for clinicians. There is no published report of detection of feline panleukopenia in dogs; however, in one of our recent cases of CPV vaccine failure, we detected FPLV in a dog sample. There are previous reports of detection of CPV-2 in cats. Moreover, the role of other free-living carnivores in the epidemiology of CPV-2 needs further investigation. Clinical signs of CPV-2 infection can be similar to other causes of puppy diarrhea. These include canine coronavirus, Clostridium toxin and other enteric pathogens.